1781

Events:

   * January 5 - American Revolutionary War: Richmond, Virginia is burned by
     British naval forces led by Benedict Arnold.
   * January 30 - Articles of Confederation ratified by 13th state,
     Maryland.
   * January - William Pitt the Younger, later Prime Minister, enters
     Parliament.
   * March 1 - Articles of Confederation go into effect, Samuel Huntington
     becomes first President of the United States in Congress assembled.
   * March 13 - William Herschel discovers the planet Uranus.
   * March 15 - American Revolutionary War: American General Nathaniel
     Greene loses Battle of Guilford Court House to British.
   * August 30 - American Revolutionary War: French fleet under Comte de
     Grasse enters Chesapeake Bay, cutting British General Charles
     Cornwallis off from escape by sea.
   * September 4 - Los Angeles is founded as El Pueblo de Nuestra Senora La
     Reina de Los Angeles de Porciuncula (City of the Queen of the Angeles)
     by a group of 44 Spanish settlers.
   * September 5 - British fleet under Thomas Graves arrives and fights de
     Grasse, but to no effect.
   * September 10 - Graves gives up trying to break through the
     now-reinforced French fleet and returns to New York, leaving Cornwallis
     to his fate.
   * October 19 - General Charles Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown,
     Virginia, ending the armed struggle of the American Revolutionary War.
   * November 5 - John Hanson is elected as President of the United States
     in Congress assembled.
   * December 12 - French and British fleets fight the Battle of Ushant.
   * Bank of North America is chartered by the Continental Congress.
   * Sir William Herschel discovers the planet Uranus, originally calling it
     Georgium Sidus (George's Star) in honour of King George III of England.
   * Charles Messier publishes final catalog of Messier objects.
   * Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovers tungsten.
   * Immanuel Kant publishes Critique of Pure Reason.
   * Jeremy Bentham formulates utilitarian ethics.
   * Reverend Samuel Peters publishes General History of Connecticut, using
     the term blue law for the first time.

Births:

   * January 26 - Achim von Arnim, poet (+ 1831)
   * January 30 - Adelbert von Chamisso, poet, botanist (+ 1838)
   * March 4 - Rebecca Gratz, American educator, philanthropist (+ 1869)
   * March 13 - Karl Friedrich Schinkel, master builder (+ 1841)
   * June 21 - Simeon Poisson, French mathematician, physicist (+ 1840)
   * July 6 - Thomas Stamford Raffles, founder of Singapore (+ 1826)
   * July 6 - John D. Sloat, American naval officer (+ 1867)
   * September 3 - Eug�ne de Beauharnais, son of Napoleon�s wife, Josephine
   * September 6 - Anton Diabelli, music publisher, editor, composer
   * November 6 - Lucy Aikin, English writer (+ 1864)
   * November 20 - Karl Friedrich Eichhorn, German jurist (+ 1854)
   * October 4 - James Lawrence
   * Sir David Brewster, Scottish physicist (+ 1868)
   * Rene Theophile Hyacinthe Laennec, physician, inventor of stethoscope (+
     1826)
   * William Williams of Wern, minister (+ 1840)

Deaths:

   * March 18 - Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, Baron de Laune, French
     statesman, economist
   * Peter Scheemakers, Flemish sculptor

Monarchs/Presidents

   * China - Qianlong Emperor of China, Qing Dynasty (reigned from October
     18, 1735 to February 9, 1796)
   * Prussia - Frederick II King of Prussia (reigned from 1740 to 1786)

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