1809

Events

   * First running of the Two Thousand Guineas Stakes horse race in England.
   * January 16 - Peninsular War: The British defeat the French at the
     Battle of Corunna.
   * February 3 - Illinois Territory was created.
   * February 11 - Robert Fulton patents the steamboat.
   * February 20 - A decision by the United States Supreme Court states that
     the power of the federal government is greater than any individual
     state.
   * March 4 - James Madison succeeds Thomas Jefferson as the President of
     the United States of America
   * May - Napoleon captures Vienna, is excommunicated, imprisons pope Pius
     VII
   * May 5 - Mary Kies is the first woman to be awarded a patent
   * May 5 - The Swiss canton of Aargau denies Jews citizenship.
   * May 17 - Napoleon I of France orders the annexation of the Papal States
     to the French empire.
   * June 6 - A New Constitution for Sweden, again a Constitutional Monarchy
     after an unbloody revolution March 22: Charles XIII succeeds Gustav IV
     Adolf.
   * June 7 - Shah Shuja of Afghanistan signs a treaty with the British.
     Only weeks later, he is succeeded by Mahmud Shah
   * September 17 - Peace between Russia and Sweden in the Finnish War. The
     territory to become Finland is ceded to Russia by the Treaty of
     Fredrikshamn.
   * October 11 - Along the Natchez Trace in Tennessee, explorer Meriwether
     Lewis dies under mysterious circumstances at an inn called Grinder's
     Stand.

   * USS Constitution (Old Ironsides) is recommissioned as flagship of the
     North Atlantic Squadron.
   * Louis Poinsot describes the two remaining Kepler solids.
   * Lamarck publishes Philosophie Zoologique, outlining the concept of
     evolution.

Births

   * January 4 - Louis Braille, teacher, developed writing system for the
     blind (+ 1852).
   * January 19 - Edgar Allen Poe, US writer
   * February 3 - Felix Mendelssohn Bartoldy, composer (+ 1847)
   * February 12 - Abraham Lincoln, US president
   * February 12 - Charles Darwin, British naturalist
   * March 31 - Nikolai Gogol, writer
   * June 8 - Richard Wigginton Thompson, congressman
   * August 6 - Alfred Lord Tennyson, British poet
   * August 8 - Heinrich Abeken, German theologian
   * August 27 - Hannibal Hamlin, US politician
   * December 24 - Christopher Houston, American frontiersman
   * William Ewart Gladstone, British liberal politician
   * Hermann Gunter Grassmann, Prussian mathematician

Deaths

   * June 8 - Thomas Paine, writer of Common Sense
   * Nikolaj Abraham Abildgaard, Danish painter
   * Joseph Haydn, Austrian composer

Heads of states

   * Denmark - Frederick VI King of Denmark (1808-1839), and King of Norway
     (1808-1814)
   * France - Napolˇon I Emperor of France (1804-1814)
   * Ottoman Empire - Mahmud II Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1808-1839)
   * Prussia - Frederick William III King of Prussia (1797-1840)
   * Spain - Joseph Bonaparte King of Spain (1808-1813)
   * Russia - Alexander I Tsar of Russia (1801-1825)
   * United States - Thomas Jefferson third President of the United States
     (1801-1809)

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