1812

Events

   * February 2 - Russia establishes a fur trading colony at Fort Ross,
     California
   * February 7 - The strongest in a series of massive earthquakes near New
     Madrid, Missouri, est. >8 on Richter scale
   * February 11 - Massachusetts governor Elbridge Gerry invents
     gerrymandering
   * March 26 - An earthquake destroys Caracas, Venezuela
   * April 30 - Louisiana is admitted as the 18th U.S. state.
   * May 11 - Prime Minster Spencer Perceval is assassinated by a bankrupt
     banker in the lobby of the British House of Commons .
   * June 18 - The War of 1812 begins between the United States and the
     United Kingdom.
   * July 22 - Peninsular War: Battle of Salamanca - British forces led by
     Arthur Wellesley (later Duke of Wellington) defeat French troops near
     Salamanca in Spain.
   * August 5 - War of 1812: Tecumseh's Indian force ambushes Thomas Van
     Horne's 200 Americans at Brownstone Creek, causing them to flee and
     retreat.
   * August 16 - War of 1812: American General William Hull surrenders Fort
     Detroit without a fight to the British Army.
   * August 19 - War of 1812: USS Constitution defeats the British frigate
     Guerri¸re off the coast of Nova Scotia. The British shot is said to
     have bounced off the Constitutions sides, earning her the nickname "Old
     Ironsides".
   * September 7 - Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Borodino - Napoleon defeats
     the Russian army of Alexander I near the village of Borodino.
   * September 14 - Napoleon's invasion of Russia is thwarted by the burning
     of Moscow.
   * October-December - Napoleon's retreat from Moscow.
   * October 9 - War of 1812: In a naval engagement on Lake Erie, American
     forces capture two British ships; the HMS Detroit and the HMS
     Caledonia.
   * October 13 - War of 1812: Battle of Queenston Heights - On the Niagara
     frontier in Ontario, Canada, United States forces under General Stephen
     Van Rensselaerof are repulsed from invading Canada by British and
     native troops led by Sir Isaac Brock (although he dies during the
     battle).
   * November - James Madison defeats De Witt Clinton in U.S. presidential
     election
   * Spanish Cortes refugeed at Cadiz create the first modern Spanish
     constitution.

Births

   * February 11 - Alexander Hamilton Stephens, Vice President (Confederate
     States of America).
   * February 11 - Benjamin Franklin Sands, Commander (Union Navy).
   * February 15 - Charles Louis Tiffany, jeweler (+ 1902)
   * March 22 - Stephen Pearl Andrews Anarchist Abolitionist
   * June 9 - Johann Gottfried Galle, German astronomer (+ 1910)
   * December 24 - Karl Eduard Zachariae Expert on Byzantine Law.

Deaths

   * May 11 - Spencer Perceval, Prime Minister of Great Britain
     (assassination)
   * October 13 - General Isaac Brock

Heads of states

   * Denmark - Frederick VI King of Denmark (1808-1839), and King of Norway
     (1808-1814)
   * France - Napolˇon I Emperor of France (1804-1814)
   * Ottoman Empire - Mahmud II Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1808-1839)
   * Prussia - Frederick William III King of Prussia (1797-1840)
   * Spain - Joseph Bonaparte King of Spain (1808-1813)
   * Russia - Alexander I Tsar of Russia (1801-1825)

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