1815

Events

   * January 3 - Austria, Britain, and France form a secret defensive
     alliance treaty against Prussia and Russia.
   * January 8 - War of 1812: Battle of New Orleans
   * February 3 - The first commercial cheese factory is founded
     (Switzerland).
   * February 6 - New Jersey grants the first American railroad charter to a
     John Stevens.
   * February 26 - Napoleon Bonaparte escapes from Elba
   * March 1 - Napoleon returns to France from his banishment on Elba.
   * March 16 - Willem I becomes King of the Netherlands
   * March 20 - Napoleon enters Paris after escaping from Elba with a
     regular army of 140,000 and a volunteer force of around 200,000
     beginning his "Hundred Days" rule.
   * April 12 - Mount Tambora blows its top during an eruption event that
     started on April 5. 92,000 are killed during this eruption.
   * June 18 - Battle of Waterloo ends the Napoleonic wars.
   * June 22 - Napoleon abdicates again, restoration of Louis XVIII as King
     of France
   * July 17 - In France, Napoleon surrenders at Rochefort to British
     forces.
   * October 15 - Napoleon I of France begins his exile on St. Helena in the
     Atlantic Ocean.

Births

   * January 11 - John A. Macdonald, first Prime Minister of Canada (+ 1891)
   * April 1 - Otto von Bismarck, German statesman
   * April 6 - Robert Volkmann, composer
   * April 24 - Anthony Trollope, British author
   * November 12 - Elizabeth Cady Stanton, women's rights activist
   * December 21 - Thomas Couture, French painter & teacher

Deaths

   * February 24 - Robert Fulton, inventor, perfected the steamboat.
   * March 4 - Frances Abington - english actress
   * March 5 - Franz Mesmer, developer of hypnotism
   * December 7 - Michel Ney, a marshal of the French army, execution by
     firing squad

Heads of states

   * Ottoman Empire - Mahmud II Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1808-1839)
   * Prussia - Frederick William III King of Prussia (1797-1840)
   * Russia - Alexander I Tsar of Russia (1801-1825)

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