1861

Events

   * January 1 - Benito Juarez captures Mexico City
   * January 2 - Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia dies and is succeded by
     Wilhelm I
   * January 3 - American Civil War: Delaware votes not to secede from the
     United States
   * January 9 - Mississippi becomes the second state to secede from the
     Union, preceding the American Civil War.
   * January 10 - Florida secedes from the United States
   * January 11 - Alabama secedes from the United States
   * January 14 - Mehmed VI, future Ottoman sultan.
   * January 18 - Georgia joins the Confederacy
   * January 21 - American Civil War: Jefferson Davis resigns from the
     United States Senate
   * January 26 - American Civil War: Louisiana secedes from the Union.
   * January 29 - Kansas is admitted as the 34th U.S. state.
   * February 1 - American Civil War: Texas secedes from the United States.
   * February 4 - American Civil War: In Montgomery, Alabama the Confederate
     States of America is formed by delegates from six break-away United
     States.
   * February 8 - American Civil War: The Confederate States of America are
     formed.
   * February 9 - American Civil War: Jefferson Davis is elected the
     Provisional President of the Confederate States of America by the
     Confederate convention at Montgomery, Alabama.
   * February 11 - American Civil War: US House unanimously passes
     resolution guaranteeing noninterference with slavery in any state.
   * February 18 - In Montgomery, Alabama Jefferson Davis is inaugurated as
     the first and only President of the Confederate States of America.
   * February 18 - Victor Emmanuel of Savoy becomes King of Italy
   * February 19 - Serfdom is abolished in Russia.
   * February 23 - President-elect Abraham Lincoln arrives secretly in
     Washington, DC after an assassination attempt in Baltimore, Maryland.
   * February 27 - A crowd in Warsaw protesting Russian rule over Poland is
     fired upon by Russian troops killing five protesters.
   * February 28 - Colorado is organized as a United States territory.
   * March 2 - Nevada is organized as a United States territory.
   * March 4 - The "Stars and Bars" is adopted as the flag of the
     Confederate States of America.
   * March 11 - The Constitution of the Confederate States of America is
     adopted.
   * March 17 - Proclamation of the kingdom of Italy.
   * March 19 - Maori War ends in New Zealand
   * April 12 - United States Civil War begins at Fort Sumter, South
     Carolina
   * April 27 - President Abraham Lincoln suspends the writ of habeas corpus
     in the United States.
   * April 27 - American Civil War: West Virginia secedes from Virginia.
   * May 6 - American Civil War: Arkansas secedes from the Union.
   * May 7 - American Civil War: Tennessee secedes from the Union.
   * May 8 - American Civil War: Richmond, Virginia is named the capital of
     the Confederate States of America.
   * May 13 - American Civil War: Victoria of the United Kingdom issues a
     "proclamation of neutrality" which recognizes the breakaway states as
     having belligerent rights.
   * May 20 - American Civil War: Kentucky proclaims its neutrality which
     will last until September 3 when Confederate forces enter the state.
   * July 21 - American Civil War: First Battle of Bull Run - At Manassas
     Junction, Virginia, the first major battle of the war begins
     (Confederate victory).
   * July 25 - American Civil War: The Crittenden-Johnson Resolution is
     passed by the United States Congress stating that the war is being
     fought to preserve the Union and not to end slavery.
   * July 26 - American Civil War: George McClellan assumes command of the
     Army of the Potomac following a disastrous Union defeat at the First
     Battle of Bull Run.
   * August 5 - American Civil War: In order to help pay for the war effort,
     the United States government issues the first income tax as part of the
     Revenue Act of 1861 (3% of all incomes over US $800; rescinded in
     1872).
   * September 3 - American Civil War: Confederate General Leonidas Polk
     invades neutral Kentucky, prompting the state legislature to ask for
     Union assistance.
   * September 6 - American Civil War: Forces under Union General Ulysses S.
     Grant bloodlessly capture Paducah, Kentucky, which gives the Union
     control the mouth of the Tennessee River.
   * October 21 - American Civil War: Battle of Ball's Bluff - Union forces
     under Colonel Edward Baker are defeated by Confederate troops in the
     second major battle of the war. Baker, a close friend of Abraham
     Lincoln, is killed in the fighting.
   * October 31 - American Civil War: Citing failing health, Union General
     Winfield Scott resigns as Commander of the United States Army.

   * Abraham Lincoln succeeds James Buchanan as President of the United
     States of America
   * Kansas becomes 34th state in the United States
   * Victor Emmanuel becomes first king of Italy
   * Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Abd-ul-Mejid (1839-1861)
     to Abd-ul-Aziz (1861-1876)
   * Sir William Crookes discovers Thallium (see Discovery of the chemical
     elements)

Births

   * January 14 - Sultan Mehmed VI of the Ottoman Empire (+ 1926)

J* February 12 - Lou Andreas-Salome, author (+ 1937)

   * February 26 - King Ferdinand of Bulgaria (+ 1948)
   * February 27 - Rudolf Steiner, anthroposoph (+ 1925)
   * April 15 - Bliss Carman, poet
   * May 6 - Rabindranath Tagore
   * October 30 - Antoine Bourdelle, sculptor
   * November 6 - James Naismith, inventor of basketball
   * December 8 - Georges Mˇli¸s , French film director, allegedly the
     first.
   * December 16 - Antonio de La Gandara, painter

Deaths

   * January 2 - Friedrich Wilhelm IV, king of Prussia
   * January 17 - Lola Montez (adventurer)
   * June 25 - Abd-ul-Mejid, Ottoman sultan
   * July 25 - Jonas Furrer, Swiss Federal Councilor
   * December 14 - Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Prince Consort,
     husband of Queen Victoria

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