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1944
Events World War II * January 4 - The Battle of Monte Cassino begins. * January 17 - British forces, in Italy, cross the Garigliano River. * January 20 - The Royal Air Force drops 2,300 tons of bombs on Berlin; the US 36th Infantry Division, in Italy, attempts to cross the Rapido River. * January 22 - Allies begin Operation Shingle, the assault on Anzio, Italy. * January 27 - The two year Siege of Leningrad is lifted. * January 29 - The Battle of Cisterna takes place. * January 30 - United States troops invade Majuro, Marshall Islands. * January 31 - American forces land on Kwajalein Atoll and other islands in the Japanese-held Marshall Islands. * February 3 - United States troops capture the Marshall Islands. * February 7 - In Anzio, Italian forces launch a counteroffensive. * February 14 - Anti-Japanese revolt on Java. * February 15 - Battle of Monte Cassino - the monastery atop Monte Cassino is destroyed by Allied bombing. * February 17 - Battle of Eniwetok Atoll begins. The battle ended in an American victory on February 22. * February 20 - "Big Week" begins with American bomber raids on German aircraft manufacturing centers. * February 20 - The United States takes Eniwetok Island. * February 29 - The Admiralty Islands are invaded in the American General Douglas MacArthur-led Operation Brewer. * March 15 - Battle of Monte Cassino - Allied aircraft bomb German-held monastery and stage an assault. * March 18 - German forces occupy Hungary. * May 17 - Type IX U-boat: U-884 is launched. * May 18 - Battle of Monte Cassino - Germans evacuate Monte Cassino and Allied forces take the stronghold after a struggle that claimed 20,000 lives. * June 5 - Rome falls to the Allies, becoming the first Axis capital to fall. * June 6 - D-Day; Allied invasion of Normandy begins. * June 9 - Stalin launches an offensive against Finland with the intent of defeating Finland before pushing for Berlin. * June 25 - The Battle of Tali-Ihantala between Finnish and Soviet troops begins. Largest battle ever to be fought in the Nordic countries. * July 9 - British and Canadian forces capture Caen. * July 17 - The largest convoy of the war embarks from Halifax, Nova Scotia under Royal Canadian Navy protection. * July 18 - Hideki Tojo resigns as Prime Minister of Japan due to numerous setbacks in the war effort. * July 20 - Adolf Hitler survives an assassination attempt. See Claus von Stauffenberg * July 21 - Battle of Guam - American troops land on Guam starting the battle (ends on August 10). * July 25 - Operation Spring - One of the bloodiest days for Canadians during the war: 18,444 casualties, including 5,021 killed. * August 12 - Allies capture Florence, Italy. * August 15 - Operation Dragoon lands Allies in southern France. * August 24 - Allies enter Paris. * September 2 - Allies liberate Brussels. * September 4 - The British 11th Armored Division liberate the city of Antwerp in Belgium. * September 8 - London is hit by a V2 rocket for the first time. * September 11 - Northern and southern France invasion forces link up near Dijon. * September 17 - Operation Market Garden begins. * September 19 - Armistice between Finland and Soviet Union signed. (End of the Continuation War) * September 26 - Operation Market Garden ends in a withdrawal. * October 5 - Canadian Air Force pilots shoot down the first German jet fighter over France. * October 9 - British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet Union Premier Joseph Stalin begin a nine-day conference in Moscow to discuss the future of Europe. * October 14 - Given the choice between a public treason trial and a certain death by firing squad or suicide with honor, German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel chooses the latter. * October 20 - Belgrade is liberated by Yugoslav Partisans and the Red Army. * October 23 - Naval Battle of Leyte Gulf in the Philippines begins. * October 26 - Naval Battle of Leyte Gulf in the Philippines ends. * November 26 - Gas chambers at Auschwitz and Stutthof are destroyed. * December 16 - Germany begins Ardennes offensive, later to become known as Battle of the Bulge. * December 17 - German troops carry out the MalmŽdy massacre. * December 24 - The Bulge reaches its deepest point at Celles. * December 26 - American troops repulse German forces at Bastogne. * December 31 - Hungary declares war on Germany Other events * January 5 - The Daily Mail becomes the first transoceanic newspaper. * March 4 - In Ossining, New York, Louis Buchalter, the leader of 1930s crime syndicate Murder, Inc., is executed at Sing Sing. * May 30 - Princess Charlotte Louise Juliette Louvet Grimaldi of Monaco, heir to the throne resigns from her rights in favor of her son Prince Rainier Louis Henri Maxence Bertrand Grimaldi, later reigning Prince Rainier III of Monaco. * June 17 - Iceland declares full independence from Denmark. * July 17 - Port Chicago disaster: Near the San Francisco Bay, two ships laden with ammunition for the war explode in Port Chicago, California killing 232. * August 4 - Holocaust: A tip from a Dutch informer leads the Gestapo to a sealed-off area in an Amsterdam warehouse where they find Jewish diarist Anne Frank and her family. * August 5 - Holocaust: Polish insurgents liberate a German labor camp in Warsaw, freeing 348 Jewish prisoners. * August 7 - IBM dedicates the first program-controlled calculator, the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (known best as the Harvard Mark I). * August 9 - The United States Forest Service and the Wartime Advertising Council release posters featuring Smokey the Bear for the first time. * September 2 - Holocaust: Diarist Anne Frank and her family are placed on the last transport train from Westerbork to Auschwitz. They arrive three days later. * October 2 - Holocaust: Nazi troops end the Warsaw Uprising. * October 8 - The radio show, The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet debuts. * October 10 - Holocaust: 800 Gypsy children are systematically murdered at Auschwitz death camp. * November 7- Franklin D. Roosevelt defeats Thomas E. Dewey in the U.S. presidential election. * November 22 - William Lyon Mackenzie King introduces conscription in Canada (see Conscription Crisis of 1944). * December 26 - The play The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams was first publicly performed. * December 30 - King George II of Greece declares a regency, leaving his throne vacant. * In Sweden, the law of 1864 that criminalizes homosexuality is abolished. * Swedish author of children's books Astrid Lindgren publishes her first book Pippi Longstocking. * In Sweden, Erik Wallenberg and Ruben Rausing invent a way to package milk in paper and start the company Tetra Pak. Ongoing events * Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) Art, Culture & Fashion * 1944 in film o Going My Way o Double Indemnity * 1944 in literature o An American Dilemma by Gunnar Myrdal o Johnny Tremain by Esther Forbes * 1944 in music o January 18 - The Metropolitan Opera House in New York City for the first time hosts a jazz concert; the performers are Louis Armstrong, Benny Goodman, Lionel Hampton, Artie Shaw, Roy Eldridge and Jack Teagarden. * 1944 in television o May 22 - The FCC increases its limits for single ownership of television stations from three to five. Science and Technology * 1944 in science Births * January 6 - Bonnie Franklin, actress * January 12 - Joe Frazier, boxing champion * January 16 - Jim Stafford, singer * January 23 - Rutger Hauer, actor * January 24 - Neil Diamond, singer * January 26 - Angela Davis, feminist and activist * February 3 - Dave Davies, musician * February 5 - Michael Mann, director, writer, producer * February 5 - Al Kooper, musician * February 9 - Alice Walker, writer * February 10 - Vernor Vinge (science fiction novelist) * February 11 - Bert Greene golfer. * February 11 - Buddhadev Dasgupta, film director. * February 11 - Michael G Oxley, American politician. * February 13 - Jerry Springer, television host * February 14 - Alan Parker, director, writer * February 14 - Carl Bernstein, journalist * February 16 - Richard Ford, Pulitzer Prize winning novelist * February 22 - Jonathan Demme, director * February 23 - Johnny Winter, musician * March 1 - Roger Daltrey, musician ("The Who") * March 6 - Kiri Te Kanawa, opera singer * March 15 - Sly Stone, singer * March 15 - Elisabeth Plessen, writer * March 17 - John Sebastian, singer-songwriter, also a member of the Lovin' Spoonful * March 19 - Sirhan Sirhan, assassin * March 19 - Said Musa, Prime Minister of Belize * March 26 - Diana Ross, singer * April 3 - Tony Orlando, musician * April 7 - Gerhard Schršder, German Bundeskanzler (chancellor) since 1998 * April 11 - John Milius, director, producer, and screenwriter * May 5 - John Rhys-Davies, actor * May 8 - Gary Glitter, singer * May 9 - Richie Furay, musician ("Poco", "Buffalo Springfield") * May 10 - Jim Abrahams, director * May 13 - Armistead Maupin, author * May 14 - George Lucas, film director and producer * May 18 - Justus Frantz, pianist * May 20 - Joe Cocker, British singer * May 20 - Boudewijn de Groot, Dutch singer * May 21 - Mary Robinson, first female President of Ireland * May 25 - Frank Oz, puppeteer, director * May 28 - Rudy Giuliani, mayor of New York City, 1993-2001 * May 28 - Gladys Knight singer * July 21 - Paul Wellstone, U.S. Senator: a Democrat from Minnesota * August 8 - Peter Weir, film director * October 9 - John Entwistle, bassist, The Who * October 15 - David Trimble, Ulster Unionist and Nobel Prize winner * November 17 - Rem Koolhaas, Dutch architect * December 17 - Jack L. Chalker science fiction novelist * December 23 - Wesley Clark, US General and former NATO Supreme Allied Commander Deaths * January 11 - Edgard Potier, Belgian SOE agent, executed by the Nazis * January 20 - James McKeen Cattell, first professor of psychology in U.S. * February 11 - Carl Meinhof, German linguist * February 11 - Ivan Sollertinski, friend of Russian composer Dimitri Shostakovich. * March 12 - Werner Drechsler, of U-118 * March 22 - Pierre Brossolette, journalist, French Resistance fighter * March 24 - Orde Wingate, British soldier * March 28 - Rick Barry, basketball star * April 28 - Paul Poiret, French couturier * May 12 - Max Brand, author * May 12 - Q, British writer * May 16 - George Ade, author * July 6 - AndrŽe Borrel, SOE agent, WW II heroine executed by the Nazis * July 6 - Vera Leigh, SOE agent, WW II heroine executed by the Nazis * July 6 - Sonia Olschanezky, SOE recruit, WW II heroine executed by the Nazis * July 6 - Diana Rowden, SOE agent, WW II heroine executed by the Nazis * July 26 - Reza Pahlavi, deposed Shah of Iran * July 31 - Antoine de Saint-Exupery, French pilot and writer * August 8 - Chaim Soutine, painter * August 23 - Abdul Mejid II, Deposed Caliph of the Ottoman Empire * September 6 - Gustave BiŽler, heroic SOE agent, executed by the Nazis * September 9 - Robert Benoist, Grand Prix driver/war hero, executed by the Nazis * September 11 - Madeleine Damerment, WW II heroine, executed by the Nazis * September 11 - Eliane Plewman, WW II heroine, executed by the Nazis * September 11 - Noor Inayat Khan, WW II heroine, executed by the Nazis * September 11 - Yolande Beekman, WW II heroine, executed by the Nazis * September 13 - Heath Robinson, British cartoonist and illustrator * September 14 - John Kenneth Macalister, SOE agent, executed by the Nazis * September 14 - Frank Pickersgill, SOE agent, executed by the Nazis * September 14 - RomŽo Sabourin, SOE agent, executed by the Nazis * November 2 - Thomas Midgley, chemist and inventor * November 7 - Hannah Szenes, WW II heroine, executed Nobel Prizes * Physics - Isidor Isaac Rabi * Chemistry - Otto Hahn * Medicine - Joseph Erlanger, Herbert Spencer Gasser * Literature - Johannes Vilhelm Jensen * Peace - International Committee of the Red Cross.
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