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France
The French Republic, or France, is a country located in western Europe, bordered by Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Monaco, Andorra, and Spain. It is a founding member of the European Union. National motto: LibertŽ, EgalitŽ, FraternitŽ (French, Liberty, Equality, Brotherhood) History Official language French Capital Paris Though the French monarchy is often dated to the 5th century, France's Largest City Paris continuous existence as a separate President Jacques Chirac entity begins with the 9th-century Prime Minister Jean-Pierre Raffarin division of Charlemagne's Frankish empire into an eastern and a western Area Ranked 47th part. The eastern part can be regarded Ê- Total 547,030 km2 ¹ the beginnings of what is now Germany, Ê- % water 0.26% the western part that of France. Population Ê- Total Ranked 20th Charlemagne's descendants ruled France (2003) 60,180,529 ¹ until 987, when Hugh Capet, Duke of Ê- Density 110/km² France and Count of Paris, was crowned King of France. His descendants, Currency Euro², French starting with the Capetian dynasty, euro coins ruled France until 1792, when the Time zone UTC +1 (CET) French Revolution established a National Republic, in a period of increasingly anthem La Marseillaise radical change that began in 1789. Internet TLD .FR Although ultimately a victor in World Calling Code 33 Wars I and II, France suffered (1) Data for European (metropolitan) extensive losses in its empire, France wealth, manpower, and rank as a (2) Prior to 1999: French franc dominant nation-state. Since 1958, it has constructed a presidential democracy (known as the Fifth Republic) that has not succumbed to the instabilities experienced in earlier more parliamentary regimes. In recent decades, France's reconciliation and cooperation with Germany have proved central to the economic integration of Europe, including the introduction of the euro in January 1999. Today, France is at the forefront of European states seeking to exploit the momentum of monetary union to advance the creation of a more unified and capable European political, defense and security apparatus. It is also one of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council. Politics The constitution of the Fifth Republic was approved by public referendum on September 28, 1958. It greatly strengthened the authority of the executive in relation to Parliament. Under the constitution, the president is elected directly for a 5-year (originally 7-year) term. Presidential arbitration assures regular functioning of the public powers and the continuity of the state. The president names the prime minister, presides over the cabinet, commands the armed forces, and concludes treaties. The National Assembly (AssemblŽe Nationale) is the principal legislative body. Its deputies are directly elected to 5-year terms, and all seats are voted on in each election. Senators are chosen by an electoral college for 9-year terms, and one-third of the Senate is renewed every 3 years. The Senate's legislative powers are limited; the National Assembly has the last word in the event of a disagreement between the two houses. The government has a strong influence in shaping the agenda of Parliament. Regions & Departments France has 26 regions (French: rŽgion), which are further subdivided into 100 dŽpartements. The departments are numbered (mainly alphabetically) and this number is used in e.g. postal codes and vehicle number plates. * Limousin o 19 Corrze o 23 Creuse * Alsace o 87 Haute-Vienne o 67 Bas-Rhin * Lorraine o 68 Haut-Rhin o 54 Meurthe-et-Moselle * Aquitaine o 55 Meuse o 24 Dordogne o 57 Moselle o 33 Gironde o 88 Vosges o 40 Landes * Midi-PyrŽnŽes o 47 Lot-et-Garonne o 09 Arige o 64 o 12 Aveyron PyrŽnŽes-Atlantiques o 31 Haute-Garonne * Auvergne o 32 Gers o 03 Allier o 46 Lot o 15 Cantal o 65 Hautes-PyrŽnŽes o 43 Haute-Loire o 81 Tarn o 63 Puy-de-D™me o 82 Tarn-et-Garonne * Basse-Normandie * Nord-Pas-de-Calais o 14 Calvados o 59 Nord o 50 Manche o 62 Pas-de-Calais o 61 Orne * Pays-de-la-Loire * Bourgogne (Burgundy) o 44 Loire-Atlantique o 21 C™te-d'Or o 49 Maine-et-Loire o 58 Nivre o 53 Mayenne o 71 Sa™ne-et-Loire o 72 Sarthe o 89 Yonne o 85 VendŽe * Bretagne (Brittany) * Picardie o 22 C™tes-d'Armor o 02 Aisne o 29 Finistre o 60 Oise o 35 Ille-et-Vilaine o 80 Somme o 56 Morbihan * Poitou-Charentes * Centre o 16 Charente o 18 Cher o 17 Charente-Maritime o 28 Eure-et-Loir o 79 Deux-Svres o 36 Indre o 86 Vienne o 37 Indre-et-Loire * Provence-Alpes-C™te d'Azur o 41 Loir-et-Cher o 04 Alpes-de-Haute-Provence o 45 Loiret o 05 Hautes-Alpes * Champagne-Ardenne o 06 Alpes-Maritimes o 08 Ardennes o 13 Bouches-du-Rh™ne o 10 Aube o 83 Var o 51 Marne o 84 Vaucluse o 52 Haute-Marne * Rh™ne-Alpes * Corse (Corsica) o 01 Ain o 2A Corse-du-Sud o 07 Ardche o 2B Haute-Corse o 26 Dr™me * Franche-ComtŽ o 38 Isre o 25 Doubs o 42 Loire o 39 Jura o 69 Rh™ne o 70 Haute-Sa™ne o 73 Savoie o 90 o 74 Haute-Savoie Territoire-de-Belfort * Haute-Normandie * DŽpartements d'outre mer (DOM) o 27 Eure (Overseas departments), each of them o 76 Seine-Maritime being a dŽpartement and a region at the * Ile-de-France same time: o 75 Paris o 971 Guadeloupe o 77 Seine-et-Marne o 972 Martinique o 78 Yvelines o 973 French Guiana o 91 Essonne o 974 La RŽunion o 92 Hauts-de-Seine o 93 * CollectivitŽs territoriales Seine-Saint-Denis (Territorial Collectivities): o 94 Val-de-Marne o 975 Saint Pierre and Miquelon o 95 Val-d'Oise o 976 Mayotte * Languedoc-Roussillon o 11 Aude * Pays et Territoires d'outre-mer (PTOM) o 30 Gard (Overseas Countries and Territories): o 34 HŽrault o 986 Wallis and Futuna o 48 Lozre o 987 French Polynesia o 66 o 988 New Caledonia (pays d'outre PyrŽnŽes-Orientales mer from 1998) o French Southern and Antarctic Territories (including France's Antarctic claim) The departments are further subdivided into 342 arrondissements. The overseas departments are former colonies outside France that now enjoy a status similar to European or metropolitan France. They are considered to be a part of France (and the EU) rather than dependent territories, and each of them is a region at the same time. The overseas territories and countries form part of the French Republic, but do not form part of the Republic's European territory or the EU fiscal area. They continue to use the French Pacific Franc as their currency, which was unaffected by the French franc's replacement by the Euro in 2002. The territorial collectivities have an intermediate status between overseas department and overseas territory. France also maintains control over a number of other small islands in the Indian Ocean and the Pacific, including Bassas da India, Clipperton Island, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island, Tromelin Island. See Islands controlled by France in the Indian and Pacific oceans. Geography France possesses a large variety of landscapes, ranging from coastal plains in the north and west, where France borders the North Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, to the mountain ranges in the south (the Pyrenees) and the southeast (the Alps), of which the latter contains the highest point of Europe, the Mont Blanc at 4810 m. In between are found other elevated regions such as the Massif Central or the Vosges mountains and extensive river basins such as those of the Loire River, the Rhone River, the Garonne and Seine. Economy France's economy combines extensive private enterprise with substantial, but declining, government intervention. Large tracts of fertile land, the application of modern technology, and subsidies have combined to make France the leading agricultural producer in Western Europe. The government retains considerable influence over key segments of infrastructure sectors, with majority ownership of railway, electricity, aircraft, and telecommunication firms. It has been gradually relaxing its control over these sectors since the early 1990s. The government is slowly selling off holdings in France Telecom, in Air France, and in the insurance, banking, and defense industries. France joined 11 other EU members to launch the euro on January 1, 1999, with euro coins and banknotes completely replacing the French franc in early 2002. Demographics The official language is French, with several local languages (Basque, Breton, Catalan, Corsican, Dutch (Flemish), German (Alsatian), Occitan), but the French government and school system discouraged the use of any of them until recently. The regional languages are now taught at some schools, though French remains the only official language in use by the government, local or national. Religion Following from the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, France guarantees freedom of religion as a constitutional right. A 1905 law instituted the separation of Church and State and prohibited the government from recognizing, salarying or subsidizing any religion. In the preceding situation, established 1801-1808 of the Concordat, the State used to support the Roman Catholic Church, the Lutheran Church, the Calvinist Church and the Jewish religion and provided for public religious educations in those religions (for historical reasons, this situation is still current in Alsace-Moselle). The French government does not keep statistics as to religion. The 1995 CIA World Factbook lists the religion of France as: Roman Catholic 90%, Protestant 2%, Jewish 1%, Muslim (North African workers) 1%, unaffiliated 6%. However, in a 2003 poll 41% said that the existence of God was "excluded" or "unlikely". 33% declared that "atheist" described them rather or very well, and 51% for "Christian". When interrogated about their religion, 62% answered Roman Catholic, 6% Muslim, 2% Protestant, 1% Jewish, 2% "other religions" (except for Orthodox or Buddhist, which were negligible), 26% "no religion" and 1% declined to answer. The discrepancy between the number of "atheists" and the number of "without religion" may be attributed to people who nominally belong to a religion, perhaps out of social pressure or custom, but do not actually believe in it. Culture Holidays Date English Name Local Name Remarks January 1 New Year's Day Jour de l'An Ê - Easter P‰ques Sunday, date varies - Easter Monday Lundi de P‰ques Monday, date varies May 1 Labour Day Fte du Travail Ê May 8 Victory Day 1945 Victoire 1945 End of WWII - Ascension Day Ascension Thursday, date varies - Pentecost Pentec™te Seventh Sunday after Easter July 14 Bastille Day Fte Nationale National Day August 15 Assumption Assomption Ê November 1 All Saints Day Toussaint Ê November 11Veterans Day Armistice 1918 End of WWI December 25Christmas Day No‘l Ê Miscellaneous topics Description of the flag: three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), white, and red; known as the drapeau tricolore (Tricolor Flag); the design and colors are similar to a number of other flags, including those of Belgium, Chad, Ireland, C™te d'Ivoire, and Luxembourg; the official flag for all French dependent areas The foundation of France may be dated to 486 (unified by Clovis I). The national holiday is the Fte Nationale (National Day), celebrating the Taking of the Bastille, July 14 (1789), often referred to as Bastille Day in English. The capital and most populous city, Paris, is home to the Eiffel Tower, a tower of girdered steel constructed in 1889. The Palace of Versailles is the number one tourist destination in France followed by the great ch‰teaux of the Loire Valley. Principal cities include: Aix-en-Provence, Ajaccio, Albi, Amiens, Angers, Angouleme, Bastia, Belfort, Besanon, Bordeaux, Brest, Caen, Calais, Cannes, Carcassonne, Charleville-MŽzires, Clermont-Ferrand, Colmar, Dijon, Dunkerque, Evreux, Grenoble, La Rochelle, Le Havre, Le Mans, Lille, Limoges, Lyon, Marseille, Metz, Montpellier, Mulhouse, Nancy, Nantes, Nice, N”mes, OrlŽans, Paris, Perpignan, Poitiers, Quimper, Reims, Rennes, Roubaix, Rouen, Saint-ƒtienne, Saint-Nazaire, Strasbourg, Tarbes, Toulon, Toulouse, Tourcoing, Tours and Valence. Other towns of interest include: Abbeville, Albertville, Aurillac, Brive, Cahors, Chamonix, Chatellerault, Chinon, Deauville, Dieppe, Digne-les-Bains, Dole, Domremy, Dreux, La Baule, Mende, Mont-de-Marsan, Montauban, Pau, Perigueux, Rodez, Saint-Gaudens, Saint-Tropez, Saumur, Sete, Soissons and Vichy. International rankings * Human Development Index, 2003: 17th (out of 175) * world-wide press freedom index Rank 11 out of 139 countries
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