Finance

Finance is the application of the principles of Financial economics to an
inter-related set of problems. In the case of a company, this generally
involves balancing risk and profitability and is typically called managerial
finance or corporate finance. Investment theory is concerned with the
identification of an optimal portfolio of assets, given a set of objectives
and constraints, as well as with the valuation of assets. Finance can also
be used by individuals (called personal finance), and by governments (called
public finance).

Finance involves:

   * Investment management and valuation
        o Financial markets, financial instruments, and financial
          institutions
        o The risk-return framework and the identification of the asset
          appropriate discount rate
        o Valuation of assets - discounting of relevant cash flows; relative
          valuation; contingent claims valuation
        o The optimum allocation of funds - What to invest in - How much to
          invest - When to invest

   * Corporate finance
        o Obtaining funds - debt or equity sources - long term or short term
          - optimum capital structure
        o dividend policy
        o allocation of funds to long term capital investments, vs optimize
          short term cash flow.

   * Managerial finance
        o Capital budgeting and managing of existing assets
        o Cash flow budgeting and working capital management
        o Comparing alternative proposals
        o Forecasting and risk analysis

   * Wealth management and personal finance

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