Timeline of medicine and medical technology

   * 420 BC - Hippocrates begins the scientific study of medicine by
     maintaining that diseases have natural causes and puts forth the
     Hippocratic Oath, marking the birth of modern medicine
   * 280 BC - Herophilus studies the nervous system and distinguishes
     between sensory nerves and motor nerves
   * 250 BC - Erasistratus studies the brain and distinguishes between the
     cerebrum and cerebellum
   * 50-70 - Pedanius Dioscorides writes De Materia Medica - a precursor of
     modern pharmacopeias that was in use for almost 1600 years
   * 180 - Galen studies the connection between paralysis and severance of
     the spinal cord
   * 1242 - Ibn an-Nafis suggests that the right and left ventricles of the
     heart are separate and describes the lesser circulation of blood
   * 1249 - Roger Bacon writes about convex lens spectacles for treating
     long-sightedness
   * 1403 - Venice implements a quarantine against the Black Death
   * 1451 - Nicholas of Cusa invents concave lens spectacles to treat myopia
   * early 16th century: Paracelsus, an alchemist by trade, rejects
     occultism and pioneers the use of chemicals and minerals in medicine
   * 1543 - Andreas Vesalius publishes De Fabrica Corporis Humani which
     corrects Greek medical errors and revolutionizes medicine
   * 1546 - Girolamo Fracastoro proposes that epidemic diseases are caused
     by transferable seedlike entities
   * 1553 - Miguel Serveto describes the lesser circulation of blood through
     the lungs
   * 1559 - Realdo Colombo describes the lesser circulation of blood through
     the lungs in detail
   * 1603 - Girolamo Fabrici studies leg veins and notices that they have
     valves which only allow blood to flow toward the heart
   * 1628 - William Harvey explains the vein-artery system and structure of
     the heart in De Motu Cordis et Sanguinis
   * 1701 - Giacomo Pylarini gives the first smallpox inoculations
   * 1747 - James Lind discovers that citrus fruits prevent scurvy
   * 1763 - Claudius Aymand performs the first successful appendectomy
   * 1790s - Samuel Hahnemann rages against the prevalent practice of
     bloodletting as a universal cure and founds homeopathy
   * 1796 - Edward Jenner develops a smallpox vaccination method
   * 1800 - Humphry Davy announces the anaesthetic properties of nitrous
     oxide
   * 1816 - Rene Laennec invents the stethoscope
   * 1842 - Crawford Long performs the first surgical operation using
     anasthesia
   * 1847 - Ignaz Semmelweis studies and prevents the transmission of
     puerperal fever
   * 1870 - Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch establish the germ theory of
     disease
   * 1881 - Louis Pasteur develops an anthrax vaccine
   * 1882 - Louis Pasteur develops a rabies vaccine
   * 1890 - Emil von Behring discovers antitoxins and uses them to develop
     tetanus and diptheria vaccines
   * 1906 - Frederick Hopkins suggests the existence of vitamins and
     suggests that a lack of vitamins causes scurvy and rickets
   * 1907 - Paul Ehrlich develops a chemotherapeutic cure for sleeping
     sickness
   * 1921 - Edward Mellanby discovers vitamin D and shows that its absence
     causes rickets
   * 1928 - Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin
   * 1932 - Gerhard Domagk develops a chemotherapeutic cure for
     streptococcus
   * 1952 - Jonas Salk develops the first polio vaccine

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