Gluon

Gluons are the particles which are responsible for the strong nuclear force.
They bind quarks together to form protons and neutrons; their electric
charge is zero, their spin is 1 and they are generally assumed to have zero
mass. Gluons are ultimately responsible for the stability of atomic nuclei.

In quantum chromodynamics (QCD), today's accepted theory for the description
of the strong nuclear force, gluons are exchanged when particles with a
color charge interact. When two quarks exchange a gluon, their color charges
change; the gluon carries an anti-color charge to compensate for the quark's
old color charge, as well as the quark's new color charge. Since gluons thus
carry a color-charge themselves, they can also interact with other gluons,
which makes the mathematical analysis of the strong nuclear force quite
complicated and difficult.

The first experimental traces of gluons were found in the early 1980s at the
electron-positron-collider PETRA at the DESY in Hamburg, when evidence for a
clear three-jet structure was found; the third jet was attributed to one of
the produced quarks emitting a gluon.

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