Black Hand

Black Hand, or Crna Ruka, officially Ujedinjenje ili Smrt ("Unification or
Death"), a secret association founded in Serbia by pan-Serbian nationalists
in May 1911 with the intention of uniting all of the territories containing
Serb populations (notably Bosnia-Herzegovina, annexed by Austria-Hungary in
October 1908). The society's implication in the June 1914 Sarajevo
assassination of Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria helped spark World War I.

The group encompassed a range of ideological outlooks, from
conspiratorially-minded army officers to idealistic youths, sometimes
tending towards republicanism despite the acquiescence of nationalistic
royal circles in its activities (the movement's leader, Col. Dragutin
Dimitrijevich or "Apis", had been instrumental in the June 1903 coup which
had brought King Peter Karadjordjevich to the Serbian throne following 45
years of rule by the rival Obrenovich dynasty).

In May 1917 Dimitrijevich was tried on charges of plotting against the royal
government, then based in Thessaloniki, Greece following Serbia's occupation
by Austro-Hungarian, German and Bulgarian forces in late 1915. His
subsequent execution signalled the Black Hand's eclipse by the monarchist
White Hand, which was to dominate the political outlook of military leaders
in the inter-war Yugoslav kingdom.

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